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- Reading 34.2 The Pace of Evolution-Like a Tortoise or a Hare?
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- Charles Darwin believed that evolution took a very long time, with
- one life form transforming into another through a series of intermediate
- stages. He noted, however, that such gradualistic evolution was not
- well supported by the fossil record because of a lack of intermediate,
- or transitional, forms. Darwin and others attribute the seeming incompleteness
- of the fossil record to several factors:
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- Lack of preservation of animals that did not have hard body parts;
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- Some species did not exist long enough to leave behind much evidence;
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- Many species were not widespread;
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- Geological upheavals that destroyed evidence.
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- Another explanation for some of the many gaps in the fossil record
- is that evolution may not always be gradual.
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- In 1944, paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson suggested that
- some of the gaps in the fossil record may actually be what they seem
- to be-true gaps, representing the sudden appearance of a species.
- Simpson estimated that perhaps 10% of all speciation falls into this
- "quantum evolution" category. In 1944, Simpson's concept of evolution
- by "leaps and starts" was not accepted by strict Darwinian gradualists.
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- In 1972, the idea of fast speciation interspersed with long
- periods when species changed little or not at all (stasis) was again
- raised by two young paleontologists, Stephen Jay Gould of Harvard
- University and Niles Eldredge of the American Museum of Natural History.
- This time, the concept was termed punctuated equilibrium to reflect
- the long periods of stasis interrupted by times of fast evolutionary
- change. The fossil record, they claim, lacks transitional forms simply
- because in some cases of speciation, they do not exist.
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- Instances of very rapid evolution support the operation of
- punctuated equilibrium. Consider the several species of cichlid fish
- that live only in Lake Nabugaboo, Uganda, a body of water separated
- from Lake Victoria by a sand spit. These species have evolved over
- just the past 4,000 years. Even more recently, banana-eating moths
- have evolved in Hawaii since Polynesian settlers introduced bananas
- a few centuries ago. The appearance of new infectious diseases in
- our lifetime, such as toxic shock syndrome and Lyme disease, may reflect
- rapid evolution in the microorganisms that cause these illnesses.
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- How might changes drastic enough to lead to speciation occur
- rapidly? The answer may lie in the genes, for a single gene can have
- a profound effect on the appearance or functioning of an organism.
- A gene that alters the timing of early developmental events may cause
- obvious changes in the adult. An inherited delay in pigmentation in
- the embryo, for example, could greatly change the adult's appearance,
- which could in turn have great selective consequences in a plant or
- animal whose survival depends upon protective coloration. Frogs of
- genus Eleutherodactylus (fig. 1) skip the tadpole stage, hatching
- from an egg as a small frog. This characteristic could have evolved
- by an alteration in a single gene-a drastic and sudden change that
- would have increased survival. A single genetic "switch" altering
- timing of cell division could have produced the prolonged brain growth
- that is characteristic of our own species.
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- %G c34r2f1.pcx; Reading 34.2 Figure 1
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- Figure 1
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- Land-dwelling tree frogs of genus Eleutherodactylus skip the tadpole
- stage and hatch directly from an egg as a small frog. This mature
- body form so early in life widens the range of habitats that the animal
- can occupy, thus giving it a selective advantage over frogs that spend
- the earlier parts of their lives as tadpoles.
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